Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics

Gender (male), n (%)

10,926 (56.4)

6264 (56.9)

24,080 (55.5)

0.079

Age (y, mean (SD))

63.74 (16.41)

63.47 (16.08)

63.44 (16.09)

0.318

BMI (kg/m², mean (SD))

28.72 (7.50)

28.99 (7.82)

29.37 (8.53)

< 0.001

Admission type, n (%)

< 0.001

 Medical

13,134 (67.8)

7133 (64.8)

34,440 (79.3)

 Unscheduled surgical

3797 (19.6)

3600 (32.7)

8006 (18.4)

 Scheduled surgical

2441 (12.6)

275 (2.5)

960 (2.2)

Length of ICU stay (days, median [IQR])

3.9 [2.7, 7.1]

3.9 [2.7, 6.8]

3.0 [2.0, 5.0]

< 0.001

SOFA of first 24 h (median [IQR])

4.0 [3.0, 7.0]

5.0 [2.0, 8.0]

4.0 [2.0, 7.0]

< 0.001

Hospital mortality, n (%)

2499 (12.9)

1343 (12.2)

5447 (12.5)

0.266

Respiration deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

3.9

3.7

2.6

< 0.001

 8 h gap

5.3

4.9

3.7

< 0.001

 16 h gap

7.7

7.2

5.6

< 0.001

 24 h gap

9.9

9.1

7.3

< 0.001

Coagulation deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

4.3

4.5

4.0

< 0.001

 8 h gap

5.9

6.2

5.7

< 0.001

 16 h gap

8.5

8.8

8.5

< 0.001

 24 h gap

10.5

10.7

10.8

< 0.001

Liver deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

1.4

1.3

1.3

< 0.001

 8 h gap

1.9

1.8

1.9

< 0.001

 16 h gap

2.9

2.8

3.0

< 0.001

 24 h gap

3.8

3.6

3.9

< 0.001

Cardiovascular deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

21.8

20.6

17.5

< 0.001

 8 h gap

22.5

21.3

18.2

< 0.001

 16 h gap

23.2

21.7

18.5

< 0.001

 24 h gap

23.6

21.8

18.5

< 0.001

CNS deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

15.6

13.7

6.9

< 0.001

 8 h gap

17.9

16.4

8.9

< 0.001

 16 h gap

19.5

18.0

10.8

< 0.001

 24 h gap

20.3

18.5

12.0

< 0.001

Renal deterioration rate (%)

 4 h gap

4.7

5.6

7.9

< 0.001

 8 h gap

6.4

7.7

11.2

< 0.001

 16 h gap

9.0

10.9

16.8

< 0.001

 24 h gap

10.7

13.0

20.1

< 0.001